Synthesis Database

222 of 222 protocols

Acetanilide

C8H9NO

Organic Synthesisbeginner
1-2 hours90% yield
Aniline is toxic. Work in fume hood.
Built-in Protocol
Acetanilide from Aniline

C8H9NO

Organic Synthesisbeginner
1.5 hours92% yield
Acetic anhydride is corrosive. Aniline is toxic.
Adipic Acid (Green Route)

C6H10O4

Green Chemistryintermediate
4-5 hours70% yield
Hydrogen peroxide is oxidizer. Handle carefully.
Built-in Protocol
Adipic Acid from Cyclohexene

C6H10O4

Organic Synthesisintermediate
4 hours75% yield
Potassium permanganate is oxidizing. Sodium hydroxide is caustic.
Aldol Condensation (Dibenzalacetone)

C17H14O

Organic Synthesisbeginner
2-3 hours75% yield
Benzaldehyde is irritant. NaOH is caustic.
Built-in Protocol
Aldol Condensation Product

C9H10O

Organic Synthesisbeginner
2 hours85% yield
Base solutions are corrosive. Benzaldehyde has strong odor.
Alum Crystals (Potassium Aluminum Sulfate)

KAl(SO4)2·12H2O

Inorganic Synthesisbeginner
24 hours95% yield
Sulfuric acid is corrosive.
Aluminum Anodizing

Al2O3

Electrochemistryintermediate
1-2 hours98% yield
Sulfuric acid is corrosive. Electrical hazard.
Built-in Protocol
Aluminum Anodizing
Electrochemistryintermediate
3 hours90% yield
Sulfuric acid is corrosive. Electrical hazard.
Americium-241 from Plutonium Decay

241Am

Nuclear Chemistryexpert
720 hours80% yield
HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE. Alpha and gamma emitter. Transuranic. Requires glove box and criticality controls.
Amylase Activity Assay
Biochemistrybeginner
2 hours95% yield
Iodine solutions can stain.
Aniline from Nitrobenzene

C6H7N

Organic Synthesisintermediate
4 hours85% yield
Nitrobenzene is toxic. Aniline is toxic and carcinogenic. Use proper ventilation.
Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)

C9H8O4

Pharmaceuticalbeginner
2-3 hours85% yield
Acetic anhydride is corrosive. Use fume hood. Avoid skin contact.
Built-in Protocol
Banana Oil (Isoamyl Acetate)

C7H14O2

Organic Synthesisbeginner
3 hours85% yield
Isoamyl alcohol and acetic acid are irritating.
Barium Sulfate

BaSO4

Inorganic Synthesisbeginner
30 minutes98% yield
Barium compounds are toxic. Do not ingest.
Barium Sulfate Precipitation

BaSO4

Inorganic Synthesisbeginner
30 minutes98% yield
Barium compounds are toxic if soluble.
Built-in Protocol
Benzaldehyde from Toluene

C7H6O

Organic Synthesisintermediate
4-6 hours60% yield
Chromium compounds are toxic and carcinogenic.
Built-in Protocol
Benzaldehyde from Toluene

C7H6O

Organic Synthesisadvanced
6 hours70% yield
Chromium compounds are carcinogenic. Use in fume hood with proper PPE. Dispose of chromium waste according to hazardous waste protocols.
Benzil from Benzoin

C14H10O2

Organic Synthesisintermediate
3 hours85% yield
Nitric acid is corrosive and oxidizing. Work in fume hood.
Benzilic Acid from Benzil

C14H12O3

Organic Synthesisintermediate
4 hours80% yield
Concentrated KOH is corrosive.
Benzocaine

C9H11NO2

Pharmaceuticalintermediate
4-5 hours75% yield
Use proper ventilation. p-Aminobenzoic acid irritant.
Built-in Protocol
Benzocaine

C9H11NO2

Pharmaceuticalintermediate
4 hours80% yield
p-Aminobenzoic acid may cause sensitization.
Benzophenone from Benzoic Acid

C13H10O

Organic Synthesisadvanced
6 hours65% yield
Use anhydrous conditions. Friedel-Crafts catalysts are corrosive.
Benzyl Acetate

C9H10O2

Organic Synthesisbeginner
2 hours90% yield
Acetic anhydride is corrosive.
Benzyl Alcohol from Benzaldehyde

C7H8O

Organic Synthesisbeginner
2 hours88% yield
Sodium borohydride releases hydrogen gas. Work in fume hood.
Beta-Carotene Extraction

C40H56

Natural Productsbeginner
3 hours50% yield
Hexane and acetone are flammable.
Biodiesel (FAME)

Variable

Green Chemistrybeginner
2-3 hours92% yield
Methanol is toxic and flammable. NaOH is corrosive.
Built-in Protocol
Birch Reduction

C6H10

Organic Synthesisadvanced
3-4 hours70% yield
Sodium metal is pyrophoric. Ammonia is toxic.
Built-in Protocol
Bismuth Subsalicylate

C7H5BiO4

Inorganic Synthesisintermediate
4 hours75% yield
Bismuth compounds are relatively low toxicity.
Caffeine Extraction

C8H10N4O2

Natural Productsbeginner
3-4 hours70% yield
Dichloromethane is toxic. Use fume hood.
Built-in Protocol
Caffeine Extraction from Tea

C8H10N4O2

Natural Productsbeginner
3 hours70% yield
Dichloromethane is toxic. Caffeine is a stimulant.
Calcium Carbonate Precipitation

CaCO3

Inorganic Synthesisbeginner
30 minutes95% yield
Calcium hydroxide is caustic.
Built-in Protocol
Calcium Carbonate Precipitation

CaCO3

Inorganic Synthesisbeginner
30 minutes95% yield
Calcium chloride is mild irritant.
Cannizzaro Reaction

C7H8O + C7H6O2

Organic Synthesisbeginner
2-3 hours80% yield
Concentrated NaOH is caustic.
Built-in Protocol
Capsaicin Extraction

C18H27NO3

Natural Productsintermediate
5 hours50% yield
Capsaicin is extremely irritating. Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
Carbon-14 Labeled Compounds

14C

Nuclear Chemistryadvanced
8 hours75% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Weak beta emitter. Internal radiation hazard. Requires bioassay monitoring.
Casein Isolation from Milk
Biochemistrybeginner
2 hours75% yield
Acetic acid is corrosive.
Catalase Activity Test
Biochemistrybeginner
1 hour95% yield
Hydrogen peroxide is oxidizing.
Cesium-137 Separation

137Cs

Nuclear Chemistryexpert
12 hours75% yield
HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE. Beta and gamma emitter. Fission product. Requires hot cell operations.
Chlorine Gas (Electrolysis)

Cl2

Electrochemistryintermediate
2-3 hours90% yield
Chlorine is toxic. Work in fume hood with scrubber.
Built-in Protocol
Chlorophyll Extraction

C55H72MgN4O5

Biochemistrybeginner
2 hours60% yield
Acetone and ethanol are flammable.
Chrome Alum

KCr(SO4)2·12H2O

Inorganic Synthesisintermediate
6 hours85% yield
Chromium compounds are toxic. Sulfuric acid is corrosive.
Cinnamaldehyde

C9H8O

Natural Productsintermediate
4-5 hours65% yield
Aldehyde is irritant.
Built-in Protocol
Cinnamaldehyde Reduction

C9H10O

Organic Synthesisbeginner
2 hours82% yield
NaBH4 in ethanol. Control temperature.
Cinnamic Acid

C9H8O2

Organic Synthesisintermediate
4 hours78% yield
Pyridine has unpleasant odor. Work in fume hood.
Cisplatin

Pt(NH3)2Cl2

Pharmaceuticalexpert
6-8 hours50% yield
Platinum compounds are toxic. Use gloves.
Built-in Protocol
Citric Acid

C6H8O7

Biochemistryintermediate
5-7 days60% yield
Fermentation process. Sterile technique required.
Built-in Protocol
Citric Acid Isolation

C6H8O7

Natural Productsbeginner
5 hours60% yield
Calcium hydroxide is caustic.
Clemmensen Reduction

C7H8

Organic Synthesisintermediate
4-6 hours75% yield
Zinc amalgam contains mercury. HCl is corrosive.
Built-in Protocol
Cobalt Chloride Hexahydrate

CoCl2·6H2O

Inorganic Synthesisintermediate
4 hours88% yield
Cobalt compounds are toxic and possibly carcinogenic.
Cobalt-60 Source Preparation

60Co

Nuclear Chemistryexpert
168 hours85% yield
HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE. Strong gamma emitter. Requires heavy shielding and remote handling.
Copper Carbonate Basic

CuCO3·Cu(OH)2

Inorganic Synthesisbeginner
2 hours90% yield
Copper salts are irritating to skin.
Copper Chromite Catalyst

CuCr2O4

Inorganic Synthesisadvanced
6 hours70% yield
Chromium compounds are carcinogenic.
Copper Electroplating
Electrochemistrybeginner
2 hours90% yield
Sulfuric acid is corrosive. Electrical hazard.
Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate

CuSO4·5H2O

Inorganic Synthesisbeginner
1-2 hours95% yield
Sulfuric acid is corrosive. Copper compounds are toxic.
Built-in Protocol
Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate

CuSO4·5H2O

Inorganic Synthesisbeginner
4 hours95% yield
Sulfuric acid is corrosive. Copper compounds can cause skin irritation.
Copper(II) Acetate

Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O

Inorganic Synthesisbeginner
3 hours88% yield
Copper salts are irritating. Acetic acid has strong odor.
Coumarin

C9H6O2

Natural Productsintermediate
3-4 hours70% yield
Salicylaldehyde is irritant.
Built-in Protocol
Coumarin Synthesis

C9H6O2

Organic Synthesisintermediate
4 hours70% yield
Acetic anhydride is corrosive.
Crystal Violet Dye

C25H30ClN3

Organic Synthesisintermediate
6 hours65% yield
Dimethylaniline is toxic.
Curcumin Isolation

C21H20O6

Natural Productsintermediate
4 hours55% yield
Organic solvents are flammable.
Cyclohexanol from Cyclohexene

C6H12O

Organic Synthesisbeginner
2 hours85% yield
Sulfuric acid is corrosive.
Cyclohexanone from Cyclohexanol

C6H10O

Organic Synthesisintermediate
3 hours80% yield
Chromic acid is carcinogenic. Use proper disposal.
Daniell Cell Construction
Electrochemistrybeginner
1 hour95% yield
Copper sulfate and zinc sulfate are irritating.
DEET

C12H17NO

Industrial Chemistryintermediate
4-5 hours75% yield
m-Toluic acid is irritant.
Built-in Protocol
Dibenzalacetone

C17H14O

Organic Synthesisbeginner
2 hours85% yield
NaOH is caustic.
Diels-Alder Adduct

C10H10O2

Organic Synthesisintermediate
3 hours88% yield
Maleic anhydride is corrosive and sensitizing.
Diels-Alder Reaction (Cyclohexene)

C6H10

Organic Synthesisintermediate
4-6 hours80% yield
Butadiene is flammable gas. Work in fume hood.
Built-in Protocol
DNA Extraction from Fruit
Biochemistrybeginner
1 hour70% yield
Isopropanol is flammable. Some detergents are irritating.
EDTA Disodium Salt

C10H14N2Na2O8·2H2O

Analytical Reagentsintermediate
4 hours88% yield
Concentrated bases are corrosive.
Electrolytic Chlorine Production

Cl2

Electrochemistryadvanced
3 hours85% yield
Chlorine gas is toxic. Work in fume hood. Hydrogen gas is flammable.
Electroplating (Chrome)

Cr

Electrochemistryadvanced
3-5 hours85% yield
Chromic acid is highly toxic and carcinogenic.
Built-in Protocol
Electroplating (Copper)

Cu

Electrochemistrybeginner
1-3 hours95% yield
Copper sulfate is toxic. Acid solutions corrosive.
Built-in Protocol
Electroplating (Nickel)

Ni

Electrochemistryintermediate
2-4 hours90% yield
Nickel salts are carcinogenic. Use PPE.
Built-in Protocol
Enzyme Kinetics Assay
Biochemistryintermediate
3 hours90% yield
Follow standard laboratory safety practices.
Essential Oil Steam Distillation
Natural Productsbeginner
4 hours60% yield
Steam distillation equipment can cause burns.
Ethanol Fermentation

C2H5OH

Green Chemistrybeginner
3-7 days85% yield
Maintain sterile conditions. Ethanol is flammable.
Built-in Protocol
Ethyl Acetate

C4H8O2

Organic Synthesisbeginner
2-3 hours80% yield
Flammable. Use fume hood. No open flames.
Built-in Protocol
Eugenol Acetate

C12H14O3

Natural Productsbeginner
2-3 hours85% yield
Acetic anhydride is corrosive.
Built-in Protocol
Eugenol from Cloves

C10H12O2

Natural Productsbeginner
3 hours70% yield
Eugenol can cause skin sensitization.
F-18 FDG (Fluorodeoxyglucose)

C6H11 18FO5

Radiopharmaceuticalsexpert
2 hours60% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Cyclotron production. Short half-life (110 min). Hot cell synthesis.
F-18 Sodium Fluoride

Na18F

Radiopharmaceuticalsadvanced
1 hour90% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Cyclotron produced. Simple preparation from target water.
Ferric Ammonium Sulfate

(NH4)Fe(SO4)2·12H2O

Inorganic Synthesisbeginner
5 hours92% yield
Ammonia is irritating. Sulfuric acid is corrosive.
Ferrocene

C10H10Fe

Organometallicintermediate
3-4 hours70% yield
Cyclopentadiene is volatile. Iron chloride is corrosive.
Built-in Protocol
Ferroin Indicator
Analytical Reagentsintermediate
1 hour90% yield
Iron compounds can stain.
Fluorescein

C20H12O5

Analytical Reagentsintermediate
5-6 hours65% yield
Resorcinol is irritant. Use adequate ventilation.
Built-in Protocol
Fluorescein

C20H12O5

Organic Synthesisintermediate
4 hours70% yield
Concentrated sulfuric acid is corrosive.
Friedel-Crafts Acylation

C8H8O

Organic Synthesisintermediate
3-4 hours75% yield
Acetyl chloride is corrosive. AlCl3 moisture sensitive.
Built-in Protocol
Friedel-Crafts Alkylation

C7H8

Organic Synthesisintermediate
3-4 hours70% yield
AlCl3 reacts with water. HCl evolution.
Built-in Protocol
Ga-67 Citrate

C12H10Ga67O14

Radiopharmaceuticalsadvanced
4 hours85% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Cyclotron produced. Gamma emitter with multiple photopeaks.
Ga-68 DOTATATE

C65H90Ga68N14O19S2

Radiopharmaceuticalsexpert
45 minutes65% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Generator-produced Ga-68. Peptide labeling. GMP synthesis required.
Gelatin Preparation
Biochemistrybeginner
8 hours80% yield
Hot water can cause burns.
Gold Nanoparticles

Au

Nanomaterialsintermediate
1-2 hours75% yield
Chloroauric acid is corrosive.
Built-in Protocol
Grignard Reagent (Phenylmagnesium Bromide)

C6H5MgBr

Organometallicintermediate
2-3 hours85% yield
Highly moisture sensitive. Use dry glassware. Ether is flammable.
Built-in Protocol
Hexaamminecobalt(III) Chloride

[Co(NH3)6]Cl3

Inorganic Synthesisintermediate
4-5 hours70% yield
Cobalt compounds are toxic. Ammonia irritant.
Built-in Protocol
Hexaamminecobalt(III) Chloride

[Co(NH3)6]Cl3

Inorganic Synthesisintermediate
5 hours75% yield
Ammonia is irritating. Cobalt compounds are toxic.
Hydrogen Gas (Electrolysis)

H2

Electrochemistrybeginner
1-2 hours95% yield
Hydrogen is highly flammable. Ensure ventilation.
Built-in Protocol
I-123 Sodium Iodide

Na123I

Radiopharmaceuticalsadvanced
4 hours85% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Cyclotron produced. Gamma emitter. Better imaging than I-131.
I-131 MIBG

C9H13131IN2

Radiopharmaceuticalsadvanced
6 hours70% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Requires synthesis under GMP conditions. High specific activity.
I-131 Sodium Iodide Capsules

Na131I

Radiopharmaceuticalsintermediate
1 hour95% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Volatile iodine. Thyroid blocking may be required for personnel.
Ibuprofen

C13H18O2

Pharmaceuticaladvanced
8-10 hours55% yield
Multiple hazardous intermediates. Careful handling.
Built-in Protocol
In-111 Pentetreotide (Octreoscan)

C49H66In111N10O11S2

Radiopharmaceuticalsadvanced
1 hour75% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Kit preparation. Somatostatin analog for receptor imaging.
Indigo

C16H10N2O2

Organic Synthesisadvanced
6-8 hours45% yield
Use proper ventilation. Handle intermediates with care.
Built-in Protocol
Indigo Dye Synthesis

C16H10N2O2

Organic Synthesisadvanced
8 hours55% yield
Sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrosulfite are hazardous.
Iodine-131 from Tellurium

131I

Nuclear Chemistryexpert
24 hours60% yield
HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE. Beta and gamma emitter. Volatile. Thyroid hazard. Requires hot cell.
Iodoform from Acetone

CHI3

Organic Synthesisbeginner
1 hour80% yield
Iodine solutions stain. Iodoform has strong odor.
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Fe3O4

Nanomaterialsintermediate
3-4 hours80% yield
Iron salts are mild irritants.
Built-in Protocol
Iron(III) Chloride

FeCl3·6H2O

Inorganic Synthesisintermediate
3 hours85% yield
Chlorine gas evolves during synthesis. Corrosive.
Kolbe Electrolysis

C2H6

Electrochemistryintermediate
2-3 hours50% yield
Ethane is flammable gas. Ensure ventilation.
Built-in Protocol
Lactose Isolation from Milk

C12H22O11

Biochemistrybeginner
6 hours70% yield
Hot liquids can cause burns.
Lead Iodide Crystals

PbI2

Inorganic Synthesisbeginner
1 hour95% yield
Lead compounds are toxic. Avoid skin contact and ingestion.
Lecithin Extraction
Biochemistryintermediate
5 hours50% yield
Acetone and ethanol are flammable.
Lidocaine

C14H22N2O

Pharmaceuticaladvanced
6-8 hours65% yield
Handle with care. Multiple hazardous intermediates.
Built-in Protocol
Lidocaine Synthesis

C14H22N2O

Pharmaceuticaladvanced
8 hours65% yield
Handle with care. Local anesthetic. Follow proper disposal protocols.
Limonene from Citrus Peels

C10H16

Natural Productsbeginner
3 hours65% yield
Limonene is flammable and can cause skin sensitization.
Lipid Saponification (Soap)
Biochemistrybeginner
2 hours85% yield
Sodium hydroxide is corrosive. Use proper PPE.
Lu-177 DOTATATE (Lutathera)

C65H90Lu177N14O19S2

Radiopharmaceuticalsexpert
2 hours70% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Therapeutic beta emitter. GMP production. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy.
Luminol

C8H7N3O2

Analytical Reagentsadvanced
8-10 hours55% yield
Hydrazine is toxic and carcinogenic. Strict safety protocols.
Built-in Protocol
Luminol

C8H7N3O2

Organic Synthesisexpert
8 hours60% yield
Nitric acid and hydrazine are hazardous.
Lycopene Extraction

C40H56

Natural Productsbeginner
4 hours45% yield
Organic solvents are flammable.
Malachite Green Dye

C23H25ClN2

Organic Synthesisintermediate
5 hours68% yield
Zinc chloride is corrosive. Dimethylaniline is toxic.
Manganese Dioxide

MnO2

Inorganic Synthesisintermediate
5 hours75% yield
Oxidizing agent. Potassium permanganate is corrosive.
Menthol Extraction

C10H20O

Natural Productsbeginner
4 hours55% yield
Ethanol is flammable.
Mercury(II) Iodide

HgI2

Inorganic Synthesisintermediate
1 hour85% yield
Mercury compounds are extremely toxic. Handle with extreme care.
Methyl Anthranilate

C8H9NO2

Pharmaceuticalbeginner
2 hours88% yield
Anthranilic acid is mildly irritating.
Methyl Benzoate from Benzoic Acid

C8H8O2

Organic Synthesisbeginner
3 hours90% yield
Concentrated sulfuric acid is corrosive. Methanol is flammable. Work in well-ventilated area.
Methyl Nicotinate

C7H7NO2

Pharmaceuticalbeginner
3 hours85% yield
Nicotinic acid is a vitamin. Methanol is toxic.
Methyl Orange

C14H14N3NaO3S

Analytical Reagentsintermediate
3-4 hours70% yield
Diazonium compounds are unstable. Keep cold.
Built-in Protocol
Methyl Orange Dye

C14H14N3NaO3S

Organic Synthesisintermediate
4 hours75% yield
Diazonium compounds are unstable. Keep cold.
Methyl Salicylate

C8H8O3

Natural Productsbeginner
2-3 hours80% yield
Product is toxic if ingested in quantity.
Built-in Protocol
Murexide Indicator

C8H8N6O6

Analytical Reagentsintermediate
3 hours70% yield
Handle with care.
Nickel Dimethylglyoximate

Ni(C4H7N2O2)2

Inorganic Synthesisintermediate
2 hours85% yield
Nickel compounds may cause allergic reactions.
Nitrobenzene from Benzene

C6H5NO2

Organic Synthesisintermediate
2 hours85% yield
Benzene is carcinogenic. Nitrobenzene is toxic. Mixed acid is highly corrosive. Full PPE required.
Nylon 6,6

(C12H22N2O2)n

Polymer Chemistryintermediate
2-3 hours85% yield
Adipoyl chloride is corrosive. Hexamethylenediamine is irritant.
Built-in Protocol
Nylon 6,6 Rope Trick

C12H22N2O2

Polymer Chemistryintermediate
3 hours75% yield
Adipoyl chloride is corrosive. Hexamethylenediamine is caustic.
Orange Oil (Octyl Acetate)

C10H20O2

Organic Synthesisbeginner
3 hours85% yield
Octanol is mildly irritating.
p-Bromoacetanilide

C8H8BrNO

Organic Synthesisintermediate
2 hours78% yield
Bromine is corrosive and toxic. Work in fume hood.
p-Nitroacetanilide

C8H8N2O3

Organic Synthesisintermediate
3 hours75% yield
Nitrating mixture is highly corrosive. Product may be sensitizing.
Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)

C8H9NO2

Pharmaceuticalbeginner
2-3 hours88% yield
p-Aminophenol is toxic. Use gloves and fume hood.
Built-in Protocol
Paracetamol Analog (Acetaminophen)

C8H9NO2

Pharmaceuticalintermediate
4 hours78% yield
p-Aminophenol is toxic. Acetic anhydride is corrosive.
Pear Oil (Propyl Acetate)

C5H10O2

Organic Synthesisbeginner
2 hours90% yield
Propanol and acetic acid are flammable.
Pectin Extraction
Natural Productsbeginner
4 hours65% yield
Hot liquids can cause burns.
Phenacetin

C10H13NO2

Pharmaceuticalintermediate
3-4 hours70% yield
p-Phenetidine is toxic.
Built-in Protocol
Phenacetin

C10H13NO2

Pharmaceuticalintermediate
3 hours78% yield
Phenacetin is a possible carcinogen.
Phenolphthalein

C20H14O4

Analytical Reagentsintermediate
4-5 hours60% yield
Phthalic anhydride irritant. Phenol is corrosive.
Built-in Protocol
Phenolphthalein from Phthalic Anhydride

C20H14O4

Organic Synthesisintermediate
3 hours72% yield
Concentrated H2SO4 is extremely corrosive.
Phenolphthalein Indicator

C20H14O4

Analytical Reagentsintermediate
5 hours75% yield
Concentrated sulfuric acid is corrosive.
Phenyl Benzoate

C13H10O2

Organic Synthesisbeginner
2 hours88% yield
Benzoyl chloride is lachrymatory and corrosive.
Phosphorus-32 Labeling

32P

Nuclear Chemistryadvanced
4 hours80% yield
RADIOACTIVE. High energy beta emitter. Requires shielding with low-Z materials (plastic, not lead).
Piperine from Black Pepper

C17H19NO3

Natural Productsintermediate
6 hours40% yield
Ethanol and dichloromethane are flammable/toxic.
PMMA Acrylic Glass

(C5H8O2)n

Polymer Chemistryintermediate
5 hours82% yield
MMA monomer is flammable and has strong odor.
Poly(methyl methacrylate)

(C5H8O2)n

Polymer Chemistrybeginner
4-5 hours88% yield
MMA is flammable. Initiators are oxidizers.
Built-in Protocol
Polystyrene

(C8H8)n

Polymer Chemistrybeginner
3-4 hours90% yield
Styrene is flammable and toxic. Use fume hood.
Built-in Protocol
Polystyrene Beads

(C8H8)n

Polymer Chemistryintermediate
4 hours85% yield
Styrene is toxic and flammable. Work in fume hood with good ventilation.
Polyurethane Foam

Variable

Polymer Chemistryintermediate
30 minutes95% yield
Isocyanates are toxic and sensitizers. Full PPE required.
Built-in Protocol
Polyurethane Foam
Polymer Chemistryintermediate
1 hour90% yield
Isocyanates are toxic and sensitizing. Work in well-ventilated area.
Polyvinyl Alcohol Film

(C2H4O)n

Polymer Chemistryadvanced
6 hours70% yield
Methanol is toxic. Some catalysts are hazardous.
Potassium Ferricyanide

K3[Fe(CN)6]

Inorganic Synthesisintermediate
2-3 hours80% yield
Can release HCN with acids. Do not acidify.
Built-in Protocol
Potassium Ferricyanide

K3[Fe(CN)6]

Inorganic Synthesisintermediate
5 hours80% yield
Cyanide compounds are toxic. Never acidify. Work in fume hood.
Potassium Permanganate

KMnO4

Inorganic Synthesisintermediate
4-5 hours75% yield
Strong oxidizer. Can cause fires with organics.
Built-in Protocol
Potassium Permanganate

KMnO4

Inorganic Synthesisadvanced
8 hours65% yield
Strong oxidizer. Stains everything purple. Explosion risk when dry.
Potassium Trioxalatoferrate(III)

K3[Fe(C2O4)3]·3H2O

Inorganic Synthesisintermediate
3-4 hours85% yield
Oxalic acid is toxic. Iron solutions stain.
Built-in Protocol
Potassium Trioxalatoferrate(III)

K3[Fe(C2O4)3]·3H2O

Inorganic Synthesisintermediate
4 hours80% yield
Oxalic acid is toxic if ingested.
Potassium-40 Standard

40K

Nuclear Chemistryintermediate
1 hour98% yield
Naturally occurring radioisotope. Low activity. Minimal shielding required.
Procaine

C13H20N2O2

Pharmaceuticaladvanced
6-8 hours60% yield
Multiple hazardous intermediates.
Built-in Protocol
Procaine (Novocaine)

C13H20N2O2

Pharmaceuticaladvanced
8 hours60% yield
p-Aminobenzoic acid may cause sensitization. Handle product carefully.
Protein Precipitation
Biochemistrybeginner
1.5 hours80% yield
Ammonium sulfate can be irritating to skin.
Prussian Blue

Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3

Inorganic Synthesisbeginner
1-2 hours95% yield
Cyanide precursors - handle with care.
Built-in Protocol
Prussian Blue Pigment

Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3

Inorganic Synthesisintermediate
2 hours85% yield
Do not acidify cyanide solutions. Iron salts can stain.
Quercetin Isolation

C15H10O7

Natural Productsintermediate
6 hours45% yield
Ethanol is flammable.
Ra-223 Dichloride (Xofigo)

Ra223Cl2

Radiopharmaceuticalsexpert
30 minutes85% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Alpha emitter. Bone-targeting. Follow strict handling protocols.
Radium-226 Standard Solution

226Ra

Nuclear Chemistryexpert
4 hours90% yield
HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE. Alpha and gamma emitter. Produces radon gas. Strict containment required.
Saccharin

C7H5NO3S

Industrial Chemistryadvanced
6-8 hours55% yield
Chlorosulfonic acid is corrosive.
Built-in Protocol
Saccharin

C7H5NO3S

Pharmaceuticaladvanced
10 hours55% yield
Toluene and chlorosulfonic acid are hazardous.
Salicylic Acid

C7H6O3

Pharmaceuticalbeginner
2-3 hours85% yield
Sodium hydroxide is caustic. Product is irritant.
Built-in Protocol
Salol (Phenyl Salicylate)

C13H10O3

Pharmaceuticalbeginner
2 hours85% yield
Phenol is corrosive and toxic.
Sandmeyer Reaction (Chlorobenzene)

C6H5Cl

Organic Synthesisintermediate
3-4 hours60% yield
Diazonium salts are explosive when dry. Keep cold.
Built-in Protocol
Silver Nanoparticles

Ag

Nanomaterialsintermediate
2-3 hours70% yield
Silver nitrate stains skin. Use gloves.
Built-in Protocol
Silver Nitrate from Silver

AgNO3

Inorganic Synthesisintermediate
3 hours90% yield
Nitric acid is corrosive. Silver nitrate stains skin black.
Slime (Cross-linked PVA)
Polymer Chemistrybeginner
30 minutes95% yield
Borax can be irritating to eyes.
Sm-153 EDTMP (Quadramet)

C6H18N2O12P4 Sm153

Radiopharmaceuticalsadvanced
1 hour80% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Beta emitter for bone pain palliation. Bone marrow suppression risk.
Soap (Saponification)

Variable

Green Chemistrybeginner
2-3 hours90% yield
Sodium hydroxide is caustic. Wear gloves and goggles.
Built-in Protocol
Sodium Hypochlorite

NaClO

Inorganic Synthesisbeginner
1-2 hours90% yield
Chlorine gas is toxic. Work in fume hood.
Built-in Protocol
Sodium Tetraborate (Borax)

Na2B4O7·10H2O

Inorganic Synthesisbeginner
3 hours90% yield
Boric acid is mildly toxic.
Sodium Thiosulfate

Na2S2O3·5H2O

Inorganic Synthesisbeginner
3 hours90% yield
Sulfur dioxide is toxic. Work in fume hood.
Starch Hydrolysis
Biochemistrybeginner
2 hours85% yield
Dilute acids are corrosive.
Starch Indicator Solution
Analytical Reagentsbeginner
30 minutes95% yield
Handle hot solutions carefully.
Stilbene from Benzaldehyde

C14H12

Organic Synthesisintermediate
5 hours80% yield
Strong base is corrosive. Reaction is exothermic.
Strontium-90 Isolation

90Sr

Nuclear Chemistryexpert
16 hours70% yield
HIGHLY RADIOACTIVE. Pure beta emitter. Bone seeker. Extreme internal hazard.
Sulfanilamide

C6H8N2O2S

Pharmaceuticalintermediate
5-6 hours65% yield
Chlorosulfonic acid is corrosive. Ammonia toxic.
Built-in Protocol
Sulfanilamide

C6H8N2O2S

Pharmaceuticalintermediate
6 hours75% yield
Concentrated acids are corrosive. Aniline is toxic.
Sulfur-35 Methionine

C5H11NO2 35S

Nuclear Chemistryadvanced
6 hours70% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Beta emitter. Handle with appropriate shielding.
Superabsorbent Polymer
Polymer Chemistryintermediate
3 hours80% yield
Acrylic acid is corrosive.
Tannin Isolation
Natural Productsbeginner
3 hours70% yield
Acetone is flammable.
Tartaric Acid Extraction

C4H6O6

Natural Productsbeginner
4-5 hours60% yield
Use proper ventilation.
Built-in Protocol
Tc-99m DTPA

C14H22N3O10 99mTc

Radiopharmaceuticalsintermediate
30 minutes90% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Follow kit preparation instructions exactly. QC required before patient use.
Tc-99m HMPAO (Ceretec)

C17H27N3O3 99mTc

Radiopharmaceuticalsadvanced
30 minutes75% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Unstable preparation. Must use within 30 minutes.
Tc-99m MAA
Radiopharmaceuticalsintermediate
30 minutes88% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Albumin particles. Check particle size and count.
Tc-99m MDP (Medronate)

C99mTcH6O7P2

Radiopharmaceuticalsintermediate
30 minutes92% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Kit preparation. Quality control mandatory.
Tc-99m Pertechnetate

Na99mTcO4

Radiopharmaceuticalsintermediate
30 minutes95% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Gamma emitter. Short half-life. Standard nuclear medicine procedure.
Tc-99m Sestamibi

C36H66N6O6 99mTc

Radiopharmaceuticalsintermediate
45 minutes85% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Requires heating step. QC for radiochemical purity.
Tc-99m Sulfur Colloid
Radiopharmaceuticalsintermediate
45 minutes90% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Requires boiling step. Strict timing required.
Technetium-99m Generator Elution

99mTc

Nuclear Chemistryintermediate
30 minutes95% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Gamma emitter. Short half-life (6h). Standard nuclear medicine procedure.
Tetraamminecopper(II) Sulfate

[Cu(NH3)4]SO4·H2O

Inorganic Synthesisbeginner
1-2 hours90% yield
Ammonia is irritant. Copper compounds toxic to aquatic life.
Built-in Protocol
Tetraamminecopper(II) Sulfate

[Cu(NH3)4]SO4·H2O

Inorganic Synthesisintermediate
2 hours80% yield
Ammonia is irritating. Deep blue solution is corrosive.
Thorium Nitrate

Th(NO3)4·4H2O

Nuclear Chemistryexpert
4 hours88% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Alpha emitter. Requires licensed facility. Nitric acid is corrosive.
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles

TiO2

Nanomaterialsintermediate
4-6 hours75% yield
Titanium precursors are corrosive.
Built-in Protocol
Tl-201 Thallous Chloride

Tl201Cl

Radiopharmaceuticalsadvanced
2 hours80% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Cyclotron produced. Thallium is chemically toxic.
Triphenylmethanol

C19H16O

Organic Synthesisintermediate
4 hours75% yield
Grignard reagents are pyrophoric. Use anhydrous conditions.
Tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) Chloride

[Co(en)3]Cl3

Inorganic Synthesisadvanced
6 hours65% yield
Cobalt compounds are toxic. Hydrogen peroxide is oxidizing.
Tritiated Water (Educational)

3H2O

Nuclear Chemistryadvanced
2 hours95% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Beta emitter. Low energy but internal hazard. Requires license for quantities above exempt levels.
Uranium Dioxide Pellets

UO2

Nuclear Chemistryexpert
48 hours85% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Requires licensed facility. Alpha emitter. Full radiation protection required. Follow all NRC/IAEA regulations.
Uranyl Nitrate Hexahydrate

UO2(NO3)2·6H2O

Nuclear Chemistryexpert
6 hours90% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Natural uranium. Requires radiation license. Nitric acid is corrosive.
Urea

CH4N2O

Industrial Chemistryintermediate
4-6 hours75% yield
Ammonia is toxic. High pressure process.
Built-in Protocol
Vanillin Extraction

C8H8O3

Natural Productsintermediate
6 hours45% yield
Ethanol is flammable.
Vanillin from Lignin

C8H8O3

Natural Productsadvanced
6-8 hours40% yield
Strong base is corrosive. Oxidizers present.
Built-in Protocol
Wintergreen Oil (Methyl Salicylate)

C8H8O3

Organic Synthesisbeginner
2 hours88% yield
Methanol is toxic. Sulfuric acid is corrosive.
Wittig Reaction (Stilbene)

C14H12

Organic Synthesisintermediate
4-5 hours65% yield
n-BuLi is pyrophoric. Strict anhydrous conditions.
Built-in Protocol
Y-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan (Zevalin)
Radiopharmaceuticalsexpert
3 hours75% yield
RADIOACTIVE. Therapeutic beta emitter. Radiolabeled antibody. Requires QC.
Zinc Electrowinning
Electrochemistryintermediate
4 hours80% yield
Sulfuric acid is corrosive. Zinc sulfate is irritating.
Zinc Oxide from Zinc

ZnO

Inorganic Synthesisintermediate
4 hours80% yield
Burning zinc produces toxic fumes. Work in fume hood.
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

ZnO

Nanomaterialsintermediate
3-4 hours80% yield
Zinc salts are mildly toxic.
Built-in Protocol